Treason in Wartime: Once Top Secret DoS Documents

185. Memorandum From Acting Secretary of State Ball to President Johnson/1/

Washington, June 29, 1966.

/1/Source: Department of State, Central Files, POL CAMB-US. Secret. Drafted by Trueheart, cleared by U. Alexis Johnson and Berger.

SUBJECT
Cambodia

1. I refer to the recommendations on Cambodia which you have approved/2/ and indicate below the action that has been and is being taken with respect to each of them.

/2/See Document 183 and its attachments.

2. I know that you appreciate that, in dealing with Sihanouk, who is Cambodia, we are dealing with someone who is not only proud and sensitive but also highly mercurial and temperamental. I feel that our policy of gracefully withdrawing aid and subsequently terminating diplomatic relations without any recriminations on our part has had a favorable influence on Sihanouk's attitude. A major additional factor, which is also beginning to influence his attitude, is the demonstration in Vietnam that we do not intend to abandon Southeast Asia to the Communists.

3. While resumption of diplomatic relations with Cambodia would of course be desirable, I agree that to seek to force the pace might well produce the opposite effect upon the Prince. However, we should continue a forthcoming and dignified stance toward him, keeping alert to any overtures he may make on resumption of relations.

4. At the present time from the standpoint of our interests the most important aspect with regard to Cambodia is the use of its territory by the Viet Cong. After, over the years, rejecting many bilateral and multilateral proposals for reducing incidents along the border, including those by the subcommittee of the UN Security Council in 1964, Sihanouk's increasingly urgent appeals over the last six months for the ICC to supervise his border seem to indicate that he now has real concern over the consequences of Viet Cong use of Cambodian territory. We have therefore regarded the expansion of the ICC, despite its limitations, as the most promising line of action open to us. With support from the British and Canadians, we have accordingly pressed the Soviets, Poles and Indians to respond positively to the Cambodian proposals. We have also made clear that we are prepared to foot the bill. Regrettably, after six months of silence, the Soviets have now rejected the proposals, apparently definitively.

5. While the Soviet action now seems to have closed the ICC track for the time being, we can take some satisfaction from the fact that our support for the proposal has improved our own relations with Cambodia. It has also again shown our willingness--and Communist refusal--to support any peaceful approach to the problem of Viet Cong use of Cambodian territory. However, Secretary Rusk is now discussing with UK Foreign Minister Stewart in Canberra what our next steps might be. One of the difficulties is, of course, that the Poles as well as the Indians will not move in the face of Soviet opposition. The Soviets are probably motivated by more concern for their relations with Hanoi than with Cambodia. This will certainly be apparent to Sihanouk.

6. Our views on the remaining recommendations are as follows:

A. The Khmer Serei Problem

(1) Our efforts with the Thai and the Vietnamese on this have a long history. However, more recently, when we received intelligence last winter indicative of plans for a build-up of Khmer Serei forces and for large-scale attacks against Northwest Cambodia, Ambassador Lodge in Saigon and Ambassador Martin in Bangkok, acting on Secretary Rusk's personal instructions, made strong representations at the highest level to the governments of South Vietnam and of Thailand to urge an end to support of Khmer Serei activities. Both Prime Minister Ky and Prime Minister Thanom indicated a willingness to comply with our strongly-expressed wishes in this matter. Although we cannot be certain that support has ceased entirely, there have been almost no reports of Khmer Serei activity in recent months, except for a small clash in April.

(2) Perhaps more important, we have solid evidence that the Thai, at least, are disillusioned by the demonstrated ineffectiveness of the Khmer Serei and are anxious to damp down tensions in the border area. With this in mind they have asked the UN Secretary General to send UN observers to the border area, at Thai expense. The Secretary General has discussed the Thai proposal with the Cambodians and has expressed to them and to the Thai willingness to send a high-level representative to explore the possibilities of mediation and possibly of later sending teams of observers to both sides of the border. Sihanouk is apparently agreeable to this approach and has even talked of finding some means of re-establishing diplomatic relations with Thailand.

(3) We believe that for the present we should concentrate our efforts on encouraging the Thai initiative with the Secretary General. Should there be any indication of a resurgence of Khmer Serei activity or support by the Thais or South Vietnamese, we would then favor again making the strongest possible representations.

B. Presidential Letter to Sihanouk

We agree that it may be desirable for you to send a letter to Prince Sihanouk by the three Senators (in August or September) or by Mr. Eugene Black (October or November). The draft prepared by your staff/3/ is a good one and we would at this time have only relatively minor changes to suggest in it. However, we should like the opportunity to review the draft and the desirability of sending the letter in the light of the exact situation at the time of the visits.

/3/See footnotes 3 and 6, Document 183.

C. Unofficial Visits by Americans to Cambodia and Private Contacts Between U.S. and Cambodian Diplomats

(1) Since the severance of diplomatic relations in May 1965, the only important American visit to Cambodia was that by Senator Mansfield's party last November. We sought to have Cambodia included in Mr. Black's itinerary this spring, but the Cambodian Government indicated that it would not be convenient for him to come. We have sought also to maintain contact with the Cambodian Ambassador in New Delhi, who was Ambassador in Washington for many years and who is close to Sihanouk. For example, earlier this month Ambassador Bowles made a special point of explaining to him that the U.S. fully supported the ICC expansion proposal. Still another move of this sort is a recent friendly letter from Governor Harriman to the Prince, sent via the correspondent Robert Shaplen, who is visiting Cambodia next month.

(2) In addition to the possible visits by the Senators and Mr. Black, we will be looking for other possibilities, or alternatives, if these do not materialize. We will also continue to seek additional diplomatic and unofficial contacts, for example, through private Americans on good terms with Sihanouk. In doing so, we must of course accept the possibility of rebuffs. For example, when we sought some months ago to contact Son Sann, a senior Cambodian minister then traveling abroad, in order to pass a reassuring message to Sihanouk, he refused to see our representative (an acquaintance of long standing). Similarly, the Cambodian UN Delegate declined the recent White House invitation.

George W. Ball

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NEXT - we go to u.html and document 192 to see what the JCS did -

URL to documents #186 - #196:

http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/
vol_xxvii/u.html

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192. Memorandum From the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara/1/
JCSM-612-66
Washington, September 24, 1966.

/1/Source: Department of Defense, JCS Official Records, 9155 (1 Feb 1966) Sec. 1, IR 101. Top Secret; Sensitive.

SUBJECT
Cross-Border Operations (U)

1. (S) Reference is made to:

a. Your memorandum, dated 13 June 1966, subject as above./2/

/2/References, a, c, and d are attached, but not printed.

b. A message from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to CINCPAC, 5374/271912Z June 1966, subject as above./3/

/3/Department of Defense, JCS Official Records, 9155.1 (14 Oct 65), Sec. 2, IR 6231.

c. A message from CINCPAC to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 130401Z August 1966, subject as above.

d. A message from COMUSMACV to CINCPAC, 031206Z August 1966, subject as above.

e. A message from the Defense Intelligence Agency to CINCPAC, DIAAQ 4054/152257Z February 1966, subject: "Clandestine Collection Operations Against Cambodia (S)."/4/
(NOTE _ THE (S) here shows that the subject "Clandestine Collection Operations against Cambodia" these words together were classified at the Secret Level all by themselves - LARRY)

/4/References e and f were not found.

f. A message from COMUSMACV to CINCPAC, 010340Z February 1966, subject: "Preparation for Cross-Border Operations in Cambodia."

2. (TS) On 13 June 1966, you approved (reference 1a) the recommendation to organize, train, and equip an indigenous force of intelligence agents, reconnaissance teams, and reaction teams for possible future employment in cross-border operations into Cambodia. Authority was not granted to commit these forces into Cambodia.

3. (TS) The State Department view (reference 1a)/5/ that the recruitment of ethnic Cambodians (Khmer) should not be permitted was reflected in the guidance provided to CINCPAC by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in reference 1b. However, prior to receipt of this restriction, based on his interpretation of the guidance contained in reference 1e and on his visualized employment of the force (reference 1f) until such time as cross-border operations were authorized, COMUSMACV had already recruited and partially trained 40 ethnic Cambodians. These personnel were carefully screened to ensure that they were not Khmer Serei.

/5/The Department of State view is in a memorandum from Unger to Blouin, June 7, attached to reference 1a, which is attached to this memorandum.

4. (TS) In reference 1c, CINCPAC requested reconsideration of the restriction prohibiting the recruitment of Cambodians and requested the authority to retain and utilize those already in training.

5. (TS) The State Department's rationale in recommending against the use of Cambodian personnel is as follows: first, the Cambodian minority in Vietnam is strongly influenced by the Khmer Serei (Free Cambodia) movement and second, should Prince Sihanouk learn that a force of Khmers was being formed for cross-border operations into Cambodia, he would interpret this as a serious threat to his regime and be more likely than ever to cast his lot with the Chinese communists.

6. (TS) COMUSMACV's position (reference 1d), supported by CINCPAC (reference 1c), is that Cambodians who have lived in border regions are ideal for use in this type operation due to their familiarity with the area, language, and customs of the people. Furthermore, thorough screening, checking and investigation of all Cambodians recruited can minimize penetration of the operation by the Khmer Serei.

7. (TS) The Joint Chiefs of Staff have considered these factors and are of the view that COMUSMACV's requirements can be met and the potential problems associated with the use of ethnic Cambodians minimized by adhering to the following guidelines:

a. Ethnic Cambodians will be used primarily as agents and in the intelligence and reconnaissance teams.

b. Ethnic Cambodians will be recruited in such numbers as not to become the dominant element in the reaction force as a whole or in any one reaction company.

c. All ethnic Cambodians recruited will be carefully screened to reduce the possibility of penetration of the program by Khmer Serei or Cambodian intelligence agents.

d. The program will not be identified as a potential cross-border operation into Cambodia, and use of the assets for in-country operations will support this contention.

8. (TS) Accordingly, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommend:

a. Approval for the retention of the Cambodians now in the program.

b. Approval for recruitment of additional Cambodians in accord-ance with the above guidelines.

c. Forwarding a memorandum to the Secretary of State substantially as proposed in the Appendix hereto./6/

/6/The memorandum to the Department of State was not found attached, but in telegram 120 to CINCPAC, December 10, the JCS granted authority to retain the 40 Cambodians already recruited and trained so long as all necessary precautions were taken to minimize the risk of disclosing their association with cross-border operations. Authority was not granted for recruitment of additional ethnic Cambodians for cross-border operations. (Department of Defense, JCS Official Records, 9155 (1 Feb 1966), Sec. 1, IR 101)

For the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

David L. McDonald/7/

Acting Chairman

Joint Chiefs of Staff

/7/Printed from a copy that indicates McDonald signed the original.

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